What is it?
Age-related macular degeneration is a condition of the macula that becomes more common with age. The dry form develops gradually as deposits and thinning affect the macula. The wet (neovascular) form occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow beneath the retina and leak fluid or blood, which can affect vision more quickly.
Symptoms
Symptoms include blurred or distorted central vision, straight lines that look wavy, difficulty reading or recognising faces, and a dark or empty area in the centre of vision. Side vision is usually preserved.
Possible causes
The exact cause is not fully understood. Age-related changes in the retina, genetic factors and environmental factors all appear to play a role.
Risk factors
The main risk factor is age. Smoking, a family history of AMD and cardiovascular risk factors are also associated with a higher risk.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis involves an examination of the macula, usually with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Angiography may be used to confirm and characterise the wet form.
Treatment options
Wet AMD is commonly treated with intravitreal injections of medicines that block vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF). For dry AMD, management focuses on monitoring and risk-factor control; in some stages, specific nutritional supplements may be recommended by the eye doctor.
When urgent evaluation may be needed
Seek prompt evaluation if you notice new or sudden distortion, blurring or a dark spot in your central vision, as these can be signs of the wet form.
Follow-up
Regular monitoring is important. Some people are advised to check each eye at home with an Amsler grid and to report any change promptly.
Information on this website is educational and does not replace an in-person medical examination, diagnosis or individual medical advice.